Congenital heart disease is a heart defect or malformation that appears at birth, in addition, congenital heart disease is a disorder of the heart anatomy brought from conception until birth.
The cause of congenital heart disease can not be known with certainty, but there are several factors that allegedly have an influence on CHD.
These factors are:
1. Prenatal factors:
- Mothers suffering from infectious diseases: rubella.
- Mother's alcoholism.
- Maternal age over 40 years.
- Mothers suffering from diabetes mellitus who require insulin.
- Mothers taking sedative drugs or herbs.
- Children born before suffering from CHD.
- Father / mother suffering from CHD.
- Chromosomal abnormalities eg Down syndrome.
- Born with other congenital abnormalities.
Congenital heart disease can be divided into 2 major categories, namely:
Group 1. acyanotic congenital heart disease, include:
- Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
- Pulmonary stenosis (PS)
- Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
- Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
Assessment
- Physical assessment (color, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, chest auscultation).
- Family history.
- History of pregnancy.
- Assessment manifestations of congenital heart disease.
- Collagen tissue disorders.
- Complications or consequences of hypoxemia.
- Construction of a weak body.
- Dyspnea on activity.
- Fatigue.
Nursing Diagnosis for Congenital Heart Disease
- Risk for decreased cardiac output r / t defect structure.
- Altered Growth and Development r / t inadequate oxygen and nutrients to the tissues.
- Risk for infection r / t poor physical status.
- Altered family processes r / t have children with heart disease.
- Risk for injury (complications) r / t the heart condition and therapy.
Nursing Interventions :
- Check the blood, red blood cell indices.
- Assess the arterial blood gas analysis.
- Test oxygen.
- Give afterload lowering medications as instructed.
- Give diuretic as instructed.
- Provide frequent rest periods and periods of uninterrupted sleep.
- Encourage quiet activities.
- Give a balanced diet high in nutrients, to achieve adequate growth.
- Monitor height and weight.
- Encourage the family to participate in the care process.
- Teach families to recognize the signs of complications.
Expected Outcomes :
- Heart rate, pressure and peripheral perfusion darh are in the normal range according to age.
- Adequate urine output (between 0.5 and 2 ml / kg, depending on age).
- Children achieve adequate growth.
- Families can face a child with positive symptoms.
- Families recognize the signs of complications and take appropriate action.